Hospitals operate as critical infrastructure with a direct dependency between network availability and patient outcomes — ransomware attacks causing hospital EHR outages have been linked to increased patient mortality, elevating cybersecurity from an IT function to a clinical governance responsibility. HHS 405(d) Health Industry Cybersecurity Practices and the new HIPAA Security Rule updates explicitly reference Zero Trust access controls, MFA, and network segmentation as essential practices for hospital cybersecurity programmes.
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